The Heavens Declare His Handiwork

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Thomas Lee Abshier, ND
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Allowed Orbitals

By: Thomas Lee Abshier, ND

• Orbital Quantum mechanical theory is founded on the concept that electron orbitals can only occupy energy levels that are integer multiples of Planck’s constant.  

• The fact that only orbitals energies with Planck multiples can be occupied has been unequivocally validated by experimental data such as the atomic absorption and emission lines of an excited gas, the amplitude vs. frequency spectrum of the Black Body Radiation, and the highly successful mathematical modeling of the probability of the location of the electrons in the atomic orbitals by the Schrödinger Wave Equation (SWE).  

• The de Broglie wavelength predictions of the electron at various velocities, and the consistency of the predictions with experiment, strongly suggest that the electron has a wave-like property.

• The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which states that the position or the velocity of the electron can be known, but not both quantities at the same time have suggested that electrons, and the larger world, are composed of a somewhat indefinite, observer-created reality.

• Thus, the data and theory have together made a convincing case for the electron’s nature to be a wavelike structure with a probabilistic location.  And as a result, little serious effort by the physics community has been expended to explain the electron’s behavior on the level of kinetics or fields, since to do so was essentially a contradiction of the structure and paradigm which was so clearly evidenced by experimental data.

• The Uncertainty Principle is a central computational concept used in high energy subatomic particle physics to predict the distance of interaction between particles as related to their energy.  

· http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/exchg.html#c2

· http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/uncer.html

• Experimental data has proven consistent with the theoretical predications of these high-energy particle physics postulates.  For example:

o The observed size of the atom, on the order of 10-10m predicts a confinement energy of around 9 electron volts.  This energy is consistent with the photon energies released by decaying activated orbital electrons.  

o Likewise, the experimentally determined size of the nucleus of 10-15m corresponds to a confinement energy on the order of 2 MeV, which is likewise consistent with the decay energies seen from the nucleus.  

o The decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and neutrino, releases 80MeV, which corresponds to a volume about .1% of the size of the nucleus.  This energy indicates the distance of interaction of Weak Force, which operates to hold the quarks inside the neutron together. ***

• Clearly the data indicates the presence of a physical reality which conforms to theory.  But the question is whether the implications of the theory actually are reality.  In other words, is the universe really built on particles which have no solidity or actual existence whatsoever?

• The lack of a definite velocity or position almost logically precludes the existence of an electron which follows the normal “billiard ball-like” model of particle-interactions by forces and fields.

• As developed above, we have seen that the electron mass can be modeled as having a Negative DP center.  This Negative DP center interacts with the Dipole Sea and the polarization of the Sea produces a spherical core of high concentration Positive DPs next to the Negative DP core, and outside of that volume is the high to low gradient concentration of Negative DPs.  With increasing distance, the Negative DP concentration fades off into the background concentration of the undisturbed DP Sea.

• The Uncertainty Principle declares that the orbital electron (or any electron with a velocity) has a position which cannot be located definitely if its momentum is known.  Thus, the orbital electron has been modeled as a wave, or more specifically as a particle whose position can be described in terms of a probability of finding it at any particular spot – a probability which is described by an equation that gives its position a wave-like distribution.  

• We are tempted to possibly attribute this DP-based electron mass as being distributed into its constituent parts into a wavelike distribution of concentration around its orbital path.  And while such a visualization is tempting to pursue, the tunneling concept allows us to maintain the integrity of the electron mass, while it distributes its probable position throughout the various orbital positions in the manner predicted by the Schroedinger Wave Equation.  Thus, the confinement in terms of position satisfies both the mechanical orbital electron – nucleus attraction, as well as the Uncertainty Principle size restrictions.  Thus, the electrostatic forces between the nucleus and orbital electron operate in competition with the restrictions in position (and allowance) over which space will allow energy to be distributed.   And, underneath this Uncertainty Principle size restriction is simply the fact that the speed of light restricts how far the constituent particles in a system can stray around a particular point.

• While under the influence of the nucleus, the space around the electron’s core is altered.  The central electron mass will experience an alteration of shape, in that the nearer limb of the electron will be experiencing a more strong positive field from the nucleus than will the outer limb.  Likewise, the surrounding DP cloud will be altered by the presence of the nuclear field.  In essence the electron will be pushed into being a more dipolar entity (positive father away and negative closer to the nucleus).  The Dipole Sea cohort of negative charges are drawn toward the nucleus, while the cohort of positive DP charges associated with the electron mass are repelled away from the nucleus.  Thus, the electron will be spread out somewhat like a comet with its head always pointing toward the sun as it follows its circular (or other geometry) orbit around the nucleus.

• This comet-like electron mass will have a lower velocity in when in an inner, low energy orbital, and have a higher velocity when in the outer high energy orbitals.  This is as expected since the activated electron would naturally have a higher orbital energy.

• To rise to the higher velocity activated orbitals, the electron gains velocity by collision with another particle, or by the absorption of a photon.  

o A collision would clearly provide a force which would accelerate the electron, and raise it to a higher energy level.

o Likewise, a photon can exert a force on the electron in the orbital.  The photon has a particular energy, and if that energy differential is consistent with the allowed energies of that orbital system, the orbital electron will absorb that photon and raise its energy to the new orbital energy.

• The colliding photon exerts a force on the electron in a direction tangential to the electron orbital.   

o If the energy of the photon impacting the orbital electron has an increment of energy needed by the photon to go to the next resonant orbital, then the photon will raise the orbital electron to that level and the electron will simply continue orbiting the atom at this new energy.  

• When a photon is captured in this manner, from a beam of white light (which has the full spectrum of photon energies), then a spectrophotometer would note that light passing through a gas of a particular elemental species would have energies absorbed from the white light.  The spectrograph would exhibit dark lines at the frequencies corresponding to the absorbed energies.

• Photons, which do not provide an increment of energy equivalent to the amount of energy needed by the orbital electron to rise to a higher allowed orbital-energy, will pass through the gas unabsorbed.

• When a photon collides with an orbital electron, and that photon does not possess enough energy to take that electron to a new higher energy resonant orbital, then the photon is absorbed and reemitted in the same direction.  Such a process occurs when the material is transparent.  For example, the bond energies of diamond are so high, that visible light photons do not have enough energy to move the electron up to the next resonant orbital, and thereby capture the energy of the photon.  Thus, diamond, glass, water, and clear plastic are all examples of materials with molecular bonds and atomic orbitals which require too much energy for visible light to supply a photon which can raise the orbital to a new resonant level, or break the molecular bond.

• Reflection is a process which takes place when the photon enters the conduction zone of a metallic atom.  Because the energy gaps between resonant orbitals are so close together, almost every photon energy is absorbed.  But, because there is so little barrier between the activated state and the lower states, the orbital electron can almost immediately re-emit the photon.  The absorption and reemission conserves the momentum of the center of mass of the interaction.??? (at what direction does the photon interact with the electron orbital?  Apparently it hits the outer orbital radially, and emits the photon back radially.)

• Silver, polished iron, nickel, chromium, etc. are examples of a metal with a conduction band that is capable of absorbing and re-emitting energy of almost any photon in the IR, visible, and UV region.

• In the case of gold, it does not absorb and reemit photons toward the blue end of the spectrum as well, rather, it absorbs those photons.  Thus, a greater predominance of the lower energy photons from white light are absorbed and reemitted, thus giving gold a more yellow-orange color.  

• Copper absorbs and reemits the blue-end photons even more poorly than gold, and thus the reflected/reemitted photons have a more reddish color.

• The electrons in the conduction band lose the energy they have just absorbed very quickly and re-emit the absorbed photon because the energy well of the orbitals in the conduction band are so shallow.  In other words, very little disturbance of the orbital is required to throw it out of resonance.  Once it disorganizes, it does not make many stops, and then remits the light after an intermediate photon release.  

• Thus, the absorption and re-emission of the photon results in reflection, the mirror effect.  The momentum of the collision is conserved in the reflective reaction.  The center of mass does not move in the case of reflection.  After reflection the silver mirror has been given a small velocity opposing the direction of the outgoing photon.

• If an appropriately high energy photon collides with an orbital electron, the electron can be completely removed from the influence of the nucleus.  In other words, a high energy photon can ionize an orbital electron.  UV radiation has more energy than the increment needed to ionize many atoms.  Each collision can take a small amount of energy from the photon.  The photon will then continue on its path, but at a lower energy, and repeat this process of ionizing, or raising orbital electrons up to a higher orbital energy.  The photon will continue on until the photon is totally absorbed in one final collision.

• With a sufficiently energetic photon, the orbital electron can absorb a photon and its orbital energy can be raised up to a new resonant orbital or ionized.  If the angle of incidence is too low, then the photon may reflect off the surface.  And if the orbital electron absorbs a photon and the orbital goes to a higher energy level for a period of time, and then re-radiates the photon after a delay, then the material will appear opaque.

• The size of the wavelength of a photon is very large compared to the size of the atom and the Bohr electron orbital (the size that is computed for the orbital using the centripetal force of the nucleus-electron attraction, vs. the orbital velocity at the energy of the Planck’s constant x 1).  But, given that the orbital electron may be spread out as a wave traveling around the space of the orbital, and the correlation wave that corresponds to the mass energy of electron may be held in place by the nuclear attraction, and that kinetic energy of the electron travels through the electron orbital mass at kinetic velocities, but the B & E fields extend out to the wavelength of the resonant orbital.  

• Thus, the orbital electron can resonate with the incoming photon because the volume of influence is similar to the volume of the photon.  

• The raising of the energy of the electron orbital by the photon is done by polarizing the entire electron orbital to a greater extent.  Those orbitals which are of allowable energy will be in the volume of the space energized by the photon.  Thus the orbital electron in the lower energy orbit can be given the acceleration and field necessary to rise to the next higher energy orbital by the forceful activation of the photon.  

• The direction of impact of the photon would be tangential to the electron orbital, and would increase the E&B field intensity of the momentum of the orbital electron.  

• Why are the Planck’s constant orbitals the only ones that are allowed?  

• Answer: The Planck constant is seen as the primal relationship between the world of organization and frequency.  The electron, if it is not moving has only its primal frequency: E = hν; which implies that the electron is a wave even if it is not moving.  In other words, the electron, stationary in the DP Sea, has some kind of a frequency equivalency.  The question is, what would this frequency look like, or how could it configured geometrically, given the core Negative DP and the positive and negative regions of DP-charge concentration?  

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