Nuclear Concepts:
Nuclear Stability: The Alpha Particle is one of the stable configurations of the
nuclear structure. The Alpha Particle is a Helium nucleus (2He4), which has 4 nucleons
(2 protons and 2 neutrons) stacked in a way to separate and buffer the repulsive
positive charges of the protons. The Helium nucleus can hold a few more neutrons,
and one less, than the symmetrical 2+2 Helium nucleus configuration, but this nucleus
will be less stable – more likely to decay. In general, if an isotope has more protons
than neutrons, that isotope will be more likely to decay by positron Beta Decay,
which will turn a proton into a neutron, during which transformation it emits a positron
and neutrino. If the Isotope has too many neutrons in comparison to its protons,
one of the neutrons may not retain its stability and decay into a proton by Electron
Beta Decay (note: Electron Capture will also turn a neutron into a proton). The
decay of protons and neutrons in nuclei occurs because of the quantum mechanical
uncertainty in the position of the structures (quarks and their composite DPs) inside
the nucleons. Nuclear bonding is produced by the mutual sharing of the quarks composing
the protons and neutrons. This bond of shared quarks produces a stable configuration
when the nuclear Proton:Neutron ratio is proper. But, when the ratio is too high
or low, the displacement available to the quarks by quantum fluctuation increases.
As a result, the frequency of the displacement being outside of the bonding distance
will increase, and the rate of decay will increase.
Nuclear Decay: Gamma Ray ( ray) Production: rays are created by nuclear orbital
drops. When a neutron or other fast particle hits the nucleus, there is an increase
in the activation energy of the nucleus. An equivalent amount of energy will be
released when the activated state decays. Most energy released by the nucleus is
as a ray since this is the unit of energy stored by stable nuclear displacements.
These could be called Isomeric Transformations because they are the result of the
change of position of the neutrons and protons in relation to each other.
Positron Beta Decay: A proton converts into a neutron during decay when it is in
a nuclear configuration which will favor the release of energy by this conversion.
The increased mass required in the conversion of a proton to a neutron is supplied
by the conversion of the organizational energy of the DPs stored in the tensioned
space of the original higher energy nucleus (which decayed into the configuration
of a lower energy, less stressed space, which was the motive force for decay). Thus,
the quarks composing the newly formed neutron will be formed de novo out of the bonding
energy previously stored in the higher energy nuclear bond configuration. This illustrates
the reality of creating quarks out of the energy held in “stressed space”. Organized
space can be held in any configuration.
Electron Beta Decay: When a neutron is separated from the stabilizing influence of
a proton, such as being alone in free flight, or in a excessively high neutron:proton
ratio, the neutron will decay into a proton, electron, and neutrino. The neutron
contains a higher total mass energy equivalent than the proton, and hence the transformation
from neutron to proton is energetically favorable, and manifests by the emission
of an electron and neutrino from the quark soup of the neutron. Organizational energy
barriers prevent instantaneous transformation from neutron to proton, because quarks
composing the neutron are held in a stable configuration by attractive forces, which
is the barrier preventing spontaneous decay to the lower energy proton. Thus, to
overcome the barrier of attraction associated with neutron internal organization,
energy must be supplied to the neutron through particle or photon collision. Such
influx of energy gives the equivalent of thermal energy on a subatomic scale to stretch
bonds by giving added kinetic energy (and hence displacement from the core of attraction)
to the constituent quarks organizational structures. The result is the provision
of adequate activation energy to separate congealed DP organization sufficiently
to wrest them from the bonds of the neutron’s organizational energy well. And,
given that a neutron will decay spontaneously, without the aid of added energetic
input, we note that the statistical spatial redistribution of energy due to the quantum
fluctuations in position of the quark allows for the internal quark structure to
occasionally, by the Schroedinger wave equation statistics, to find themselves at
a displacement that allows them to be de-bonded. The quark energy parcels now freed
from the neutron are able to reorganize themselves into new energetic structures
that are stable inside their new un-bonded environment. Likewise, the remaining
quotient of quark structures left inside of the decayed neutron reorganize to take
the form and properties of a proton.
Electron Capture: When an electron from the inner shell of an atom collides with
a proton, the quantum of Dipole Sea organization introduced by the electron, adds
to the internal quark structure of the proton, which then reorganizes into a new
stable configuration of quarks, which is the neutron. The addition of the electron’s
mass, kinetic, and spin energy will not match the exact requirements of energetic
stability to form a ground state neutron, thus the proton - electron complex formed
at the moment of capture will release as a neutrino the excess energy associated
with the differential between activation and ground level, and at new stable configuration
as a neutron.
Strong Force: The Strong Force is a force-distance artifact arising from the underlying
geometry and dynamics of the DPs composing the quarks that compose the neutron and
proton as they interact in the nucleus. The Strong Force appears to be the motive
force which overcomes the EM repulsive forces between protons by a “strong force”
proton-neutron bonding. But, it is unnecessary to postulate a new force when the
DP charges composing the quarks can produce the observed force using only the well-understood
force distance relationship associated with the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged DPs. The neutron and the proton are both composed of quarks,
which are composed of DPs in some type of rotation and/or position exchange which
maintains their integrity as a spatial energy structure internal to the nucleons.
All nuclei heavier than Hydrogen contain multiple protons and neutrons, and the
bonded transformation that occurs between neutrons and protons in the nucleus allows
the close approximation of protons that would in their concentrated and isolated
state produce a huge proton-proton repulsive force. The exchange of groups of DPs
as quarks, between neutron and proton allow for the distribution of charge and force
in a rapid dynamic modification of shape and type, which effectively neutralizes
the displacement force that would act between the net positive charges contained
within the nucleus. The result of this dynamic shell game, of movement and shielding,
is to create an effect which corresponds to the appearance of a force which would
be large in the case of the isolated protons, and thus appears to be a “strong force”.
But, in fact there is no actual, God declared, “Strong Force” that prevents the
repulsion of protons in close proximity, rather the repulsion is mitigated by the
intermediate reaction with bonded neutrons. The Quarks intermediating the bonding
of neutron and proton become part of a new larger synthetic integrated complex particulate
entity. This new proton-neutron complex has its own stability associated with its
energy barriers and half life associated with the constituent particulate displacement
associated with quantum fluctuation in position. The unit of particle exchange in
this larger proton-neutron entity is the pion, which is simply to note that because
of the geometry of the particles, and the charge distribution, the actual force holding
the quarks, neutrons, and protons together is actually a net electrostatic attraction
sufficient to maintain the proximate relationship of this grouping of energy-particle
concentration.
Weak Force: An experimental concept introduced to explain the processes which are
involved in the decay and transformation between various subatomic particles. The
process of proton-proton collision, Meson collisions, Electron and Positron Beta
Decay, and Electron Capture are all explained using the Weak Force. The weak force
has been shown to be a subset of the Electromagnetic field (now called the electro-weak
force), which moves us toward the initial plausibility in the assertion that the
“Weak Force” is not an elemental, God declared, unique force of nature. The above
interactions, which have been attributed to the “weak force”, are transformations
between particle-type that are mediated by particles of various energy-particle concentrations
(the W and Z particles). These particles represent a bolus of DPs that have changed
position and configuration, and in the process, a transformation of particle-type
resulted. Because of the new charge-space distribution in the resultant particles,
the previously stable structures repelled as decay products with a new configuration,
having a different character and type. Hence, the weak force interaction describes
the mechanism by which particles change type due to the energy-force instabilities
introduced within a particle due to collision or quantum displacement of the constituent
elements of a particle. The weak force is therefore not a force at all, but simply
a type of transformation due to this method of internal particle (quark/gluon) exchange,
addition, and removal.
