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Photon Refractive Phenomena

By: Thomas Lee Abshier, ND

 

• In photon refraction, the angle of bending of the photon trajectory will be modified by the speed of light in the media.
• Refractive Mediums: Each medium has its own index of refraction, which means that each medium slows down light a different amount.  The greater the slowing, the greater the index of refraction.  When a beam is directed toward a material at an angle off normal (i.e. other than at 90° perpendicular to the material), the beam will be bent toward the perpendicular normal axis.  Air has a greater index of refraction and slower speed compared to vacuum.  Water slows light more than air, glass slows light more than water, and leaded glass slows light more than quartz glass.  
• Birefringence: This concept refers to the light-bending phenomenon displayed by every transparent crystalline material; they all have two indices of refraction.  

1. The first index of refraction is produced by the absorption and reemission of light from the amorphous bulk media of the crystal.  
2. The second index of refraction is due to light being strongly absorbed and reemitted by the regularly space atomic planes formed within every crystalline structure.  

• In a transparent amorphous substance, transmission of the incoming EM wave is accomplished by an absorption and reemission of the energy of the photon.  To do so, the various bonds of the material must be somewhat resonant with energy of the photon.  If the photon and electron orbital energies are too strongly resonant the photon could ionization the electron and thus the photon would be lost.  Likewise, if the photon and molecular bond energies are too strongly resonant then the energy of the photon may be transferred to the substance as molecular vibration.  In this case, the energy of the photon is lost as heat inside the material.  This is the case with opaque and black substances.  
• In the case of the plane of the secondary refractive index, such as in a diamond, there is a very strong crystalline plane structure.  These lines of atoms will reflect visible light off of those planes.  The reflection is not due to its carbon-carbon bond lengths, which are .154 nanometers.  Visible light has a much larger wavelength than this distance, on the order of 400-700nm.  Thus, the resonance of the distance due to wavelength would be low.  This second refractive index arises because line of atoms appears to be a solid wall to the photon EM fields.  When light impacts the wall of atoms, they vibrate and bend or reflect the incoming light.  
• The refractive material has taken over the process of conducting the EM light waves away from the exclusive process of the DPs.  In free space, the m and e of the space are determined by the rate of DPs transmission of the EM fields.  But, when atoms penetrate the space, the EM wave must vibrate these massive entities in addition to the DPs in the space.  Likewise, if the space has a crystalline structure with other atoms, the energy of the bonds and the mass of the atoms determines the modulus of elasticity of the medium.  In turn, this determines the rate of absorption and re-emission of the light as it passes through the medium.
• Calcite is a classic example of the birefringent crystal.  It was used in bombsights and the two images were calibrated in such a way that the bombardier could line up the two images so that this alignment corresponded to a proper sighting.  
• Dispersion: refers to the prism phenomenon, where each color has a specific angle of refraction when white light goes from air to glass: blue – high angle, to red – low angle.  Each frequency has a different level of electromagnetic resonance with the light transmitting material.  In diamond and glass, blue light is bent more strongly than in air, which means that the high frequency light (such as violet) will be absorbed by the media and then retransmitted after a longer period of time than the lower frequency light (compared to red).  Thus, high-frequency light will have a lower rate of travel through glass, water, and diamond than through air.
• Bending Waves at a medium interface: Waves change their direction of propagation (bend) when going from a medium that transmits the wave-configured energy at one speed compared to a second media that transmits the wave at a slower speed.  An example of this bending or refracting behavior is seen as water waves go from deep to shallow water.  Just like water waves, the photon and other EM waves have a front that travels forward perpendicular to the wave front.  When the wave front hits a medium interface (e.g. air to glass) at an angle, the edge of the wave that first encounters the interface is slowed first.  Each successive increment of the wave front encounters the new medium and is likewise slowed.  The incoming wave stays connected to the outgoing wave, but the two are traveling at different rates of speed.  This implies that the wave packet of a photon is connected as an integral unit in terms of its extent/length along its wave front.  If the light were made of literal particles with no dimension, they would not change direction when going through an interface of conduction rate.  Thus, we can visualize or model each photon wave front as a barbell.  When the first edge of the barbell hits the slower medium, it starts traveling slower.  And, since it is connected to the other end of the barbell, and that second end continues to travel faster for a moment, the second end will be turned.  The connection between the elements of a wave appears to be their common carriage of the packet of energy, the unity of the momentum they are carrying as a wave.  In effect all waves are a kind of moving mass, a packet of momentum, a volume containing energy that is moving as a unit.
• Light absorption: is the equivalent of a zero speed of light.  Light transmission goes through a gradient from maximum transmission to complete absorption in relationship to the frequency of the light.  Any given material can have many different reversals in its percentage of transmission to absorbance ratio as the material is challenged with EM radiation going from low to high frequency.  The frequency and energy of the photon are two inseparable aspects of the property of the photon that causes it to be absorbed or transmitted.  When light is absorbed as it passes through a space filled with atoms (mass), the atoms were in some way resonant with the frequency of oscillation of the packet, and resonant with the quantum of energy carried in that packet.  This resonance could result in the entrainment of that light wave packet by a molecular bond, electron orbital, or intra-nuclear bonding state.  Thus in various ways, packets of light can interact with the various dimensions and bonding units within a mass and units of mass.
• Reversed refraction angle: Reversal of refraction direction occurs because the resonance to the energy and frequency of the photon changes across the frequency spectrum.  In other words, the Refraction vs. Frequency graph rises and falls due to the fact that a material goes from transmission to absorption at different frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum.  Every wave-energy has a different frequency-energy resonance with a mass-filled medium.  This is simply a restatement of the phenomenon of dispersion that creates the bending of light and the spreading of the rainbow colors of visible light.  Multiple phenomena slow the speed of light such as a space filled with EM fields, different substances, and/or gravity.
• The underlying phenomena mediating this “slowing of light” is the rate of absorption and reemission of the energy as it enters a space containing one of these “space-modifying” effects such as EM fields, gravity, and mass.  And as noted, all modifications of space are due to fields, which result in the movement of DPs and their concentration.  This in turn affects the manner in which they transform energy back and forth between Electric and Magnetic fields.  
• The speed of light in a vacuum is mediated by the DPs and Grid Points only.  The DPs follow rules regarding the trading of energy between E fields and B fields.  This transformation between the two fields is recognized in the macro-world as the alternate storing of inductive and capacitive energy.  The magnetic and electrical fields hold the energy of a photon (as with all EM waves), and the underlying DP Sea transfers the energy from one energy type to the other (E to B and B to E) as the EM wave transits through space.
• X ray Crystallography: Consider the case of the x ray, which at an energy around 12 Kev has a wavelength of about .1nm, and frequency of 3x10^18 Hz.  This wavelength is around the size of an atomic diameter.  When compare this wavelength to the typical bond lengths between atoms in a molecule, the molecular bond length is typically on the order of 50-250nm.  In such an interaction, the x ray will pass through the spaces between the atoms, being completely non-resonant in terms of bond energy and size.  But, the x ray will interact with the orbital electron and ionize it.  If it is completely absorbed, the x ray will convert all of its energy into the kinetic energy of the ionized electron, and since it has been absorbed the x-ray will not be available for detection by a detector on the other side of the sample.  But, if the x ray is only partially absorbed, giving some of its energy to the kinetic energy of the electron, and retaining some energy  (a process called Compton scattering) the remaining x ray energy will be available for detection on the film or electronic sensors behind the sample.  This process of x ray reflection has been used to determine the structure of crystals and is the heart of xray crystallography.

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